Clement Laird Vallandigham ( ; July 29, 1820 - June 17, 1871) was an Ohio politician and leader of the Copperhead faction of anti-war Democrats during the American Civil War. He holds two terms in the United States House of Representatives. In 1863 he was convicted in a military court opposed to war, and exiled to the Confederacy. He ran for Ohio governor in 1863 from exile in Canada, but was defeated.
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Clement Laird Vallandigham was born July 29, 1820 in New Lisbon, Ohio (now Lisbon, Ohio), to Clement and Rebecca Laird Vallandigham. His father, a Presbyterian minister, educated his son at home.
In 1841, Vallandigham was at odds with the college president at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. He was dismissed with respect, but he never received a degree.
Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of the future war under President Lincoln, was a close friend of Vallandigham before the Civil War. Stanton lent Vallandigham $ 500 for a law course and started his own practice. Both Vallandigham and Stanton are Democrats, but they have an opposing view of slavery, Stanton being an abolitionist and an anti-abolitionist Vallandigham.
Maps Clement Vallandigham
Political career
Ohio legislature
Shortly after starting practicing law in Dayton, Vallandigham entered the political world. He was elected a Democrat for Ohio legislature in 1845 and 1846, and served as editor of the weekly newspaper, Dayton Empire, from 1847 to 1849.
While in the state legislature, Vallandigham voted against the removal of the "Black Law" (the law against African-American civil rights), but he wanted the question put to a voter referendum. In 1851 Vallandigham sought the Democratic nomination to become Ohio lieutenant governor, but the party refused to nominate him.
House of Representatives
Vallandigham ran for Congress in 1856, but he narrowly lost. He appealed to the House Electoral Committee, claiming that an illegal vote had been cast. The House finally agreed, and Vallandigham sat next to the last day of the day. The delay was due to "the division that has emerged in the Democrats over Lecompton's question." He was reelected by a small margin in 1858 and won again in 1860. During the 1860 presidential campaign, he supported Stephen A. Douglas, although he disagreed with Douglas's position on "sovereignty", used by critics to describe people's sovereignty. Vallandigham lost his bid for a full third term in 1862 by a relatively large voice, which lost him to be out of office in early 1863. However, his loss was at least partly due to the redistricting of his Congress district. Despite this loss, some still consider him a future presidential candidate.
In October 1859, John Brown, a radical abolitionist, ambushed Harper's Ferry, Virginia, seized Arsenal US Army. Vallandigham was a member of a group of government officials interrogating the arrested Brown to achieve his goal, which Brown proclaimed was an attempt to trigger a slave uprising to guarantee their freedom.
Vallandigham has always been a strong supporter of state constitutional rights. He believes that the federal government has no power to regulate any legal institution, which is slavery at the time. He also believes that the state has an implied right to escape and that, by law, the Confederacy can not be militarily conquered. Vallandigham is a believer with low tariffs and slavery is a matter for every country to decide. During the next war, he will be one of Lincoln's most vocal critics.
On February 20, 1861, Vallandigham delivered a speech entitled "The Great American Revolution" to the House of Representatives. He accuses the Republicans of being "warring parties" and advocates "a peaceful peace option on the one hand, or Unity through adjustment and conciliation of others." Vallandigham supports Crittenden Compromise, which was a last-minute effort to prevent the Civil War. He blames the sentimentalism and anti-slavery sentiment for secession crisis. Vallandigham proposed a series of amendments to the Constitution. The United States will be divided into four parts: North, South, West, and Pacific. Four parts each will have the power in the Senate to veto the law. Electoral College will be modified, with the tenure of President and Vice President increasing to six years and limited to one term unless two thirds of the voters agree. Separation by a country can only be approved if the legislature of the sections agrees. Moving between the parts is guaranteed to be true.
Vallandigham strongly opposed any military bill, leading his opponents to demand that he want the Confederacy to win the war. He became a recognized leader of the anti-war Copperheads, and in a speech on May 8, 1862, he created their slogan: "To defend the Constitution as it is, and to restore the Union as it is." It is supported by fifteen members of the Democratic Congress.
On January 14, 1863, Vallandigham delivered a speech entitled "The Constitution-Peace-Reunion" in the House of Representatives. In it, he expressed his opposition to abolitionism from the "beginning". He condemned Lincoln's civil liberties violations, "which has made this country one of the world's worst despotisms". Vallandigham publicly criticized the preliminary Proclamation of the Emancipation of Lincoln, alleging that "the war for the Union has been abandoned, the war for the Negro begins openly." He also condemned the financial interests that benefited from the war. "And do not Wall Street, or any other great interest, commerce, manufacturing, or commercial, imagine that it would have enough power or wealth to stand on the road of reunion through peace." Vallandigham added, "Lose, debt, taxation, porridge, this is your cup." Vallandigham's speech included a proposal to end the military conflict. He advocated a ceasefire and demobilization of military forces from both Union and Confederation.
Post-congress activities
After General Ambrose E. Burnside issued General Order Number 38, warning that "the habit of expressing sympathy to the enemy" would not be tolerated in the Ohio District District, Vallandigham gave a keynote address on 1 May 1863. He alleged that war was no longer fought for saving Unity, but it has been an attempt to free the slaves at the expense of the liberty of white Americans for "King Lincoln". Burnside also suppressed the circulation of the Chicago Times .
The authority for the Burnside order stems from the proclamation of September 24, 1862, in which the President of Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and made other "unfaithful" registrations, drafts or practices subject to martial law and trial by the military commission.
Arrest and military trials
On May 5, 1863, Vallandigham was arrested as a violator of General Order Number 38. His angry supporters burned the Dayton Journal offices, Republican rivals in Empire. Vallandigham was tried by a military court on May 6 and 7. Vallandigham's speech at Mount Vernon, Ohio, was cited as a source of arrest. He was accused by the Military Commission of "Publicly expressing, violating General Orders No. 38, from Headquarters in Ohio, sympathizing for those who fought the United States Government, and expressed unfaithful sentiments and opinions, with the object and purpose of weakening the Government's power in efforts to suppress unlawful rebellion. "
The charge specifications for Vallandigham are:
Declaring the current war "a cruel, cruel, and unnecessary war"; "a war not waged to preserve Unity"; "war for the purpose of destroying freedom and establishing despotism"; "a war for the freedom of blacks and white slavery"; stated "that if the government had hoped, the war could have been stopped last month"; that "peace may be obtained honorably by listening to the French mediation proposal"; that "the arguments by which the Northern States can be won, and the South guarantees their rights under the Constitution, have been rejected the day before the final battle of Fredericksburg, by Lincoln and his accomplices", which means so the President of the United States. , and those under his control; demanded "that the United States Government shall appoint the military in every district, to detain persons of their liberty, to uproot their rights and privileges"; characterize General Command no. 38, from the Department of Ohio Headquarters, as "the arbitrary deprivation of arbitrary authority", invites his hearers to reject the same thing, saying, "the sooner people inform the deposed powerhands that they will not be subject to such restrictions on their freedom, the better "; stated "that he is at all times, and at all times, deciding to do what he can to defeat the efforts that are now being made to build a monarchy on the ruins of our free government"; insisted "that he was very confident, as he said six months ago, that those in power are trying to build despotism in this country, more cruel and more oppressive than ever before."
All those opinions and sentiments that he knows are right to help, comfort, and encourage those armed against the Government, and yet cause their audiences to distrust their own Government, sympathy for those who oppose it, and disposition to reject state law.
The French peace proposal is correct; Vallandigham has been asked by Horace Greeley to assist in the peace plan.
During the trial, testimony was given by Union army officers who attended a speech in civilian clothing, that Vallandigham called the president "King Lincoln". He was sentenced to prison in a military prison "during the war" at Fort Warren in Massachusetts.
On May 11, 1863, a request for a habeas corpus warrant was filed in federal court for Vallandigham by former Ohio Senator George E. Pugh. Judge Humphrey H. Leavitt of the United States Circuit Court for the Southern District of Ohio upheld the arrest and the Vallandigham military court as a legitimate exercise of the President's war powers. Congress has passed an act allowing the president to suspend habeas corpus on March 3, 1863.
Controversy and protests ensued. On May 16, 1863, there was a meeting in Albany, New York, to protest the capture of Vallandigham. A letter from Governor Horatio Seymour of New York was read to the crowd. Seymour alleges that "military despotism" has been established. Resolution by Hon. John V. L. Pruyin was adopted. The resolution was sent to President Lincoln by Erastus Corning. Responding to a public letter issued at an angry Democrat meeting in Albany, "Letter to Erastus Corning et al." Lincoln. June 12, 1863, explains his justification for supporting the conviction of military courts.
In February 1864, the Supreme Court ruled that it did not have the power to issue a habeas corpus warrant to a military commission ( Ex parte Vallandigham , 1 Wallace, 243).
Expulsion
Lincoln, who considers Vallandigham a "clever coward", was careful to make him a martyr for Copperhead's reason and on May 19, 1863, ordered him to be sent through enemy lines to the Confederacy. When he was in the Confederate line, Vallandigham said: "I am an Ohio citizen, and from the United States, I am here in your line with power, and against my will, so I surrender to you as a prisoner of war. "
On May 30, 1863, a meeting was held at Military Park in Newark, New Jersey, where a letter was read from New Jersey Governor Joel Parker. Parker's letter condemned Vallandigham's arrest, trial, and deportation, saying they were "arbitrary and illegal." The whole process was wrong in principle and dangerous in its tendencies. " However, the meeting was rarely attended. The New York World reported at a meeting in Albany. Burnside oppress the publication World . On June 1, 1863, another protest meeting was held in Philadelphia.
On June 2, 1863, Vallandigham was sent to Wilmington, North Carolina, by President Davis and briefly supervised as a "foreign enemy".
President Lincoln wrote "Birchard's Letter" on June 29, 1863, to several congressmen in Ohio, offering to revoke Vallandigham's deportation order if they would agree to support certain policies of the Administration.
Vallandigham went to Richmond, Virginia, where she met with Robert Ould, a former classmate. He advised Ould that the Confederate army should not attack Pennsylvania, as it would unite the North against Copperheads in the 1864 presidential election. However, a letter to the editor of The New York Times gave a different version, saying that Vallandigham encouraged the invasion.
Vallandigham then left the Confederacy on the blockade runner to Bermuda, and from there went to Canada. He now declares himself as a candidate for the Governor of Ohio, and actually wins the Democratic nomination in absentia . (Angered by his treatment by Lincoln, Ohio Democrats through a 411-11 vote nominated by Vallandigham for governors at their June 11 convention). He organizes his campaign from a hotel in Windsor, Ontario, where he receives a steady flow of visitors and supporters..
Vallandigham posed a question in his speech or letter on July 15, 1863, "To Ohio Democracy": "Will there be free speech, free press, peaceful assembly of people, and another free vote in Ohio?"
Vallandigham lost the Ohio governor election in 1863 with a landslide to support the Democratic Party of Pro-Union John Brough through a 288,374 vote to 187,492, but his activism has left the Dayton people divided between pro and anti-slavery factions.
Northwestern Confederation
While in Canada, Vallandigham meets Jacob Thompson, who is a representative of the Confederate government. He spoke with Thompson about plans to form the Northwestern Confederation, which comprises the states of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois, by overthrowing their government. He asked for money for weapons from the Confederacy. Vallandigham refused to handle the money itself, and it was awarded to his colleague James A. Barrett. Part of the Confederation's plan was to free the Confederate prisoners of war. The intended rebellion never materialized.
Vallandigham returned to the United States "under heavy disguise" and publicly appeared at an Ohio convention on June 15, 1864. President Lincoln was told of his return. On June 24, 1864, Lincoln wrote letters to Governor Brough and General Heintzelman stating "overseeing Vallandigham and others closely" and detaining them where necessary. However, he did not send the letter, and apparently he decided not to do anything about Vallandigham's return. In late August, Vallandigham publicly attended the 1864 National Democratic Convention in Chicago. He is the District Delegate for Ohio.
Reception by convention to Vallandigham mixed. Vallandigham received a "standing ovation". At one point, the name Vallandigham was called by the audience and his response was "applause and rumor". There are "cheers and hiss" on other occasions when he speaks.
Vallandigham promoted the "peace board" of the platform, declared war failed and demanded immediate end to hostilities. In his letter of acceptance, George B. McClellan made peace dependent on the Confederate who was ready for peace and ready to rejoin the Unity. McClellan's attitude contradicts the Democratic Party Platform of 1864 which states that "an immediate endeavor to the cessation of hostilities, with a view to the country's major convention, or any other peaceful means, to the very end, at the earliest practical time, peace can be restored on the basis of federal United States unity United. "Vallandigham endorsed his McClellan party nomination for the presidency but was" very angry "when McClellan rejected the party platform in his acceptance letter against the nomination. For the time being, Vallandigham resigned from the campaign to McClellan. The contradiction between the party platform and McClellan's view weakens Democrats' efforts to win voters.
The Knights of the Golden Circle became the Order of American Knights and later evolved into the Sons of Liberty. At the end of September 1864, the six-member assembly of the Golden Circle, Harrison H. Dodd, William A. Bowles, Andrew Humphreys, Horace Heffren, and Lambdin P. Milligan began in Indianapolis before getting a military commission. George E. Pugh testified in court as a government witness. A testimony was given that confirmed that Vallandigham was "Commander in Chief" and James A. Barrett was "Chief of Staff" for Vallandigham. Witnesses testified that a mysterious Mr. Piper has communicated with them on behalf of Vallandigham. According to Felix G. Stidger's testimony, an undercover federal agent who infiltrated the Golden Circle Knight, Vallandigham's plan to start a rebellion is sometimes between 3 and 17 November.
Vallandigham refused to join the Golden Circle Knight (later renamed the American Knights Order). Around March 1864, he became the leader of the Liberty Children. In April 1865, Vallandigham testified at the American Knights Conspiracy hearing in Cincinnati, Ohio. He confessed to speaking with Jacob Thompson, a Confederate agent in Canada.
Post-war
In 1867, Vallandigham continued his stand on African-American suffrage and suffrage. However, his views later changed with the New Departure policy.
Vallandigham returned to Ohio, losing his campaign to the Senate against Judge Allen G. Thurman and the House of Representatives against Robert C. Schenck on an anti-reconstruction platform, and then continue his legal practice.
In 1871 Vallandigham won the Democratic Party of Ohio into a policy of "New Departure" which would essentially neglect to mention the Civil War, "thus burying it out of view it is a dead past, that is, the right of secession, slavery, previous inequalities, and political inequality, and furthermore, now that the reconstruction is completed, and representatives within the Union are restored, "but also affirmed" the Democratic party pledges to implement the full, faithful and absolute and enforceability of the Constitution as it now is to ensure equality of rights for everyone under it, regardless of race, color, or condition. "It also calls for civil service reform and progressive income taxes (Items 10 & 12). That is against the "Ku-Klux Bill" (Point 17). "New Departure" is supported by Salmon P. Chase, a former cabinet member of Lincoln and Chairman of the United States Justice.
Death
Vallandigham died in 1871 in Lebanon, Ohio, at the age of 50, after accidentally shooting himself in the stomach with a pistol. He represents a defendant, Thomas McGehan, in a murder case for killing a man in a barroom fight in Hamilton, Ohio. Vallandigham attempted to prove that the victim, Tom Myers, had inadvertently shot himself while pulling his gun out of his pocket while rising from a kneeling position. When Vallandigham conferred with a fellow defense lawyer in his hotel room at the Lebanese House, Golden Lamb Inn today, he showed them how he would show this to the jury. Picking a gun that he believed would be lowered, he put it in his pocket and validate the events that might occur, pulled the gun that was stomped on his clothes and accidentally caused it to flow into his stomach. Although he was seriously injured, the Vallandigham demonstration proved his point, and the accused, Thomas McGehan, was released and released from detention (only shot dead four years later in his salon). The surgeons examined the gun ball, which was suspected to have lodged in the vicinity of Vallandigham's bladder, but could not find it, and Vallandigham died the next day of peritonitis. His last words expressed his faith in "the good old Presbyterian doctrine of predestination". Caught by his wife, Louisa Anna (McMahon) Vallandigham, and her son Charles Vallandigham, she is buried at Woodland Cemetery in Dayton, Ohio.
Vallandigham is voiced by James W. Wall, a former senator from New Jersey, who mentioned recently meeting him about "New Departures". The walls have been imprisoned during the Civil War by the Union authorities.
John A. McMahon, Vallandigham's nephew, also a US representative from Ohio.
Legacy
Vallandigham's deportation to the Confederacy led Edward Everett Hale to write "The Man Without a Country". This short story, which appeared in The Atlantic Monthly in December 1863, was widely publicized. In 1898, Hale made a statement that Vallandigham declared "he does not want to belong to the United States".
In the alternative historical novel Ward Moore Bringing the Jubilee , the Confederates won the Battle of Gettysburg, won their independence and imposed a shameful peace in the United States. Vallandigham won the presidential election in 1864, and voters turned sharply against the Republicans, responsible for the disaster. The Vallandigham presidency is haunted by the economic crisis and high inflation, due to repairs worn by the winning Confederations. The US will be permanently paralyzed by the post-war crisis and leave the underdeveloped country, and future generations will hold Vallandigham partly responsible.
In the alternative historical novel of Harry Turtledove The Guns of the South Vallandigham is Democrat candidate Horatio Seymour's candidate in the presidential election of 1864. The ticket defeated President Abraham Lincoln's President and Vice President Hannibal Hamlin by a thin margin.
References
Source
- Nicolay, John, and Hay, John. "Abraham Lincoln: History, Vallandigham." This Century , May 1889, pp 127-37, online at MOA
- Edward C. Kirkland, The Peacemakers of 1864 (1927)
- Pittman, Benn, Examination for Betrayal in Indianapolis, Reveals Plan to Build North-West Confederation . Cincinnati, OH: Moore, Wilstach & amp; Baldwin, 1865.
- Porter, George Henry. Ohio Politics During the Civil War Period . New York, NY, 1911.
- Vallandigham, Clement Laird, The Honal Trial. Clement L. Vallandigham, by the Military Commission: and Proceedings Under His Application for the Writ of Habeas Corpus in the United States Circuit Court for the Southern District of Ohio, Rickey and Carroll: Cincinnati, 1863.
- Vallandigham, James (1872). The Life of Clement L. Vallandigham . Baltimore: Turnbull Brothers. Ã,
Further reading
Hoston, Michael J. "Pushing the Limit of Dislike: Clement Vallandigham's Daredevil Tactics." Free Speech Yearbook 43 (2009): 85-92. Hubert C. Hubbart, "The Influence of 'Pro-South' in the Free West, 1840-1865," Mississippi Valley Historical Review (1933), 20 # 1 pp.Ã, 45-62 at JSTOR- United States Congress. "Clement Vallandigham (id: V000008)". Directory of Biographies of the United States Congress . Retrieved on 2009-05-08
- Eugene H. Roseboom. "Southern Ohio and Union in 1863," Mississippi Valley Historical Review (1952) 39 # 1 pp.Ã, 29-44 at JSTOR
- Ã, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Vallandigham, Clement Laird". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica . 27 (issue 11). Cambridge University Press. p.Ã, 862.
External links
- Works by or about Clement Vallandigham in the Internet Archive
- Clement L. Vallandigham, Online Book Page, University of Pennsylvania
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