A doctor , a medical practitioner , doctor , or just a doctor is a professional practicing medicine, who is concerned with promoting , maintain, or restore health through the study, diagnosis and treatment of illness, injury, and other physical and mental disorders. Physicians can focus their practice on certain categories of illness, patient types and treatment methods - known as specializations - or they can assume responsibility for providing continuous and comprehensive medical care for individuals, families, and communities - known as common practice. Good medical practice requires detailed knowledge of academic disciplines (such as anatomy and physiology) that underlie illness and its treatment - medical science - as well as appropriate competence in applied practice - art or medicine craft.
The role of doctors and the meaning of the word itself varies throughout the world. Other degrees and qualifications vary widely, but there are some common elements, such as medical ethics that require doctors to show consideration, compassion, and virtue for their patients.
Video Physician
Modern meaning
Specialist in internal medicine
Around the world the term doctor refers to an internal medicine specialist or one of many sub-specialties (especially compared to a specialist in surgery). This doctor's meaning conveys a sense of expertise in medicine with drugs or drugs, not by surgeon procedures.
The term is at least nine hundred years old in English: doctors and surgeons have been members of separate professions, and traditionally rivals. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary , the third edition, gives this contrasting Central English quote, as early as 1400: "My God, why so welcome the difference between a cirugian and a doctor."
Henry VIII gave the charter to the London Royal College of Physicians in 1518. Only in 1540 he gave the Barber-Surgeons Company (the ancestral Royal College of Surgeons) a separate charter. That same year, the English king established the Regius Communications Center at Cambridge University. Newer universities may describe such academics as professors of internal medicine. Therefore, in the sixteenth century, physical meant something about what internal medicine does now.
Currently, a specialist in the United States can be described as an internist . Another term, hospitalist , was introduced in 1996, to describe US specialists in internal medicine who work mostly or exclusively in hospitals. Such 'hospitals' now account for about 19% of all public interns, often called general practitioners in Commonwealth countries.
This native use, different from that of surgeons, is common in most parts of the world including Britain and other Commonwealth countries (such as Australia, Bangladesh, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe), as well as in various places such as Brazil, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Ireland and Taiwan. In such places, the more common English term doctors or medical practitioners are common, describing every practitioner of treatment (which would most likely be called an American physician, in a sense large). In Commonwealth countries, pediatricians and geriatrics are also described as specialist doctors who have sub-specialties based on patient age rather than by organ systems.
Doctors and surgeons
Around the world, the joint term "doctors and surgeons" is used to describe a general practitioner or medical practitioner regardless of specialization. This usage still shows the original meaning of the doctor and maintains the old differences between doctors, as practitioners of physical , and surgeons. This term may be used by state medical boards in the United States, and by equivalent bodies in Canadian provinces, to describe medical practitioners.
North America
In modern English, the term doctors is used in two main ways, with a relatively broad and narrow meaning. It is a result of history and often confusing. These meanings and variations are described below.
In the United States and Canada, the term doctors describes all medical practitioners holding a professional medical degree. The American Medical Association, founded in 1847, and the American Osteopathic Association, founded in 1897, both currently use the term doctors to describe members. However, the American College of Physicians, founded in 1915, does not: the title uses doctors in the original sense.
American Doctor
Most doctors trained in the United States have a Doctor of Medicine degree, and use the initials M.D. A small number attend Osteopathic schools and have Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine and use the initials D.O. After completing medical school, doctors complete residency in a specialized field where they will practice. Sub-specialization requires completion of fellowship after residency.
All certification boards now require physicians to demonstrate, by examination, continue to master the core knowledge and skills for the selected specialization. Re-certification varies based on specific expertise between every seven and every ten years.
Podiatric doctors
Also in the United States, the American Podiatric Medical Association (APMA) defines podiatris as a physician and surgeon who is under the surgical department at the hospital. They undergo training with Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM). The degree is also available at one of Canada's universities, Università © du Quà © à bec Trois-RiviÃÆ'ères. Students are usually required to complete an internship in New York before earning their professional degree.
Maps Physician
Disadvantages
Many countries in developing countries have too few doctors problems. Lack of a doctor can cause the disease to spread out of control as seen in the Ebola epidemic in West Africa. In 2015, the Association of American Medical Colleges warns that the US will face a 90,000-plus doctor's shortage by 2025.
Social role and world view
Biomedicine
In Western culture and over the last few centuries, medicine is increasingly based on reductionism and scientific materialism. This treatment style is now dominant throughout the industrialized world, and is often called biomedical by medical anthropologists. Biomedicine "formulates the human body and disease in a distinct cultural pattern", and is a worldview studied by medical students. In this tradition, the medical model is the term for "a complete set of procedures in which all doctors are trained" (R. D. Laing, 1972), including mental attitudes. The very clear expression of this worldview, which is currently dominant among conventional physicians, is evidence-based medicine. In conventional medicine, most doctors still pay attention to their ancient traditions:
The critical and skeptical attitude of drug quotes from the fetters of priests and castes; second , the concept of medicine as an art based on accurate observation, and as a science, an integral part of human and natural science; third , high moral ideals, expressed in "the most remembered human document" (Gomperz), the Hippocratic Oath; and the fourth , the concept and realization of drugs as a profession of a man who fostered.
- Sir William Osler, Chauvanism in Medicine (1902)
In this Western tradition, doctors are considered members of the learned profession, and enjoy high social status, often combined with high and stable income and job security expectations. However, medical practitioners often work long hours and inflexible, with shifts at times that are not friendly. Their high status stems partly from their extensive training requirements, and also because of the specific ethical and legal duties of their work. The term traditionally used by doctors to describe someone seeking their help is the word patient (although the person who visits the doctor for routine examination can also be explained). The word of this patient is an ancient reminder of medical duty, because it originally meant 'people who suffer'. The English noun is derived from the Latin impatient , the current verb of the deponent verb, the starch, meaning 'I suffer,' and is similar to the Greek verbs ??????? (= paskhein , suffer) and the cognate nouns ????? (= pathos).
Doctors in the original, narrow sense (specialist or internist, see above) are usually members or associates of professional organizations, such as the American College of Physicians or the Royal College of Physicians in the United Kingdom, and a membership that is difficult to obtain is itself a sign of status.
Alternative medicine
While contemporary biomedicine has distanced itself from ancient roots in religion and magic, many forms of traditional medicine and alternative medicine continue to support vitalism in various disguises: 'As long as life has its own secret property, it is possible to have science and medicine. based on the property '(Grossinger 1980). The US National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) classifies CAM therapies into five categories or domains, including: alternative medical systems, or a complete system of therapies and practices; mind-body interventions, or techniques designed to facilitate mind effects on body functions and symptoms; biological-based systems including herbal medicine; and body-based and manipulative methods such as chiropractic and massage therapy.
In considering the different alternative traditions of biomedicine (see above), medical anthropologists emphasize that all ways of thinking about health and disease have significant cultural content, including conventional western medicine.
Ayurveda, medicine and homeopathy Unani is a popular alternative treatment. They are included in the national system of drugs in countries like India. In general, these drug practitioners in these countries are referred to as Ved, Judge and homeopathic physician/homeopath/homeopathic physician, respectively.
Own doctor's health
Some commentators have argued that doctors have a duty to serve as role models for the general public in health, for example by not smoking. Indeed, in most western countries relatively few doctors smoke, and their professional knowledge seems to have a beneficial effect on their health and lifestyle. According to a study of male doctors, life expectancy was slightly higher for physicians (73.0 years for whites and 68.7 for blacks) than lawyers or many other highly educated professionals. Causes of death are less likely in physicians than in the general population including respiratory diseases (including pneumonia, pneumoconioses, COPD, but excluding emphysema and other chronic airway obstruction), alcohol-related death, rectosigmoidal and rectal cancer, and bacterial disease.
Doctors do experience exposure to occupational hazards, and there is a famous saying that "doctors make the worst patients". The causes of deaths that have been shown to be higher in the medical population include suicide among doctors and self-injury, drug-related causes, traffic accidents, and cerebrovascular and ischemic heart disease.
Education and training
Medical education and career paths for physicians vary around the world.
All medical practitioners
In all developed countries, a beginner-level medical education program is a tertiary level program, conducted at a university-linked medical school. Depending on jurisdiction and university, entry may follow directly from high school or require pre-requisite undergraduate education. The first usually takes five or six years to complete. Programs that require previous undergraduate education (usually three or four years old, often in Science) are usually four or five years in length. Therefore, obtaining a basic medical degree can usually take five to eight years, depending on the jurisdiction and the university.
After completing entry-level training, newly graduated medical practitioners are often required to conduct a supervised practice period before full enrollment is given, usually one or two years. This may be referred to as an "apprentice", as the "basis" of the year in England, or as a "conditional registration". Some jurisdictions, including the United States, require residency for practice.
Medical practitioners hold a special medical degree for the university in which they graduate. This degree qualifies medical practitioners to be licensed or enrolled under specific state laws, and sometimes from multiple countries, subject to requirements for apprenticeship or conditional enrollment.
Specialist in internal medicine
Special training begins as soon as the entry-level training is completed, or even before. In other jurisdictions, junior doctors must undergo generalist training (not distributed) for a year or more before starting a specialization. Therefore, depending on the jurisdiction, the specialist (internist) often does not achieve recognition as a specialist for up to twelve years or more after starting basic medical training - five to eight years at the university for basic medical qualifications, and up to nine other years to become a specialist.
Rule
In most jurisdictions, doctors (in any sense) require government permission to practice. The permits are intended to promote public safety, and often to protect public purses, as medical care is usually subsidized by national governments.
In some jurisdictions (eg Singapore), doctors often inflame their qualifications with the title "Dr" in correspondence or business cards, even if their qualifications are limited to the basic level (eg, undergraduate level). In other countries (for example, Germany), only doctors who hold an academic doctorate can call themselves doctors - on the other hand, the European Research Council has decided that German medical doctorate does not meet the international standard of PhD research degree.
All medical practitioners
Among English-speaking countries, this process is known either as a license as in the United States, or as a registration in the United Kingdom, other Commonwealth countries, and Ireland. Synonyms used elsewhere include colegiaciÃÆ'³n in Spanish, ishi menkyo in Japan, autorisasjon in Norway, Approbation in Germany, and "????? ????????" in Greece. In France, Italy and Portugal, civilians must be members of the Doctor's Order to practice medicine.
In some countries, including Britain and Ireland, this profession largely governs itself, with the government asserting the authority of the regulatory body. The most famous example of this is probably the General Medical Council of Britain. In all countries, the governing authority will revoke the permission to practice in cases of malpractice or serious offenses.
In large English federations (USA, Canada, Australia), licensing or registration of medical practitioners is conducted at the state or provincial or national level such as in New Zealand. Australian states typically have a "Medical Board," which has now been replaced by the Australian Health Authority Regulatory Authority (AHPRA) in most states, while Canadian provinces typically have "Doctor and Surgeon College". All American countries have an agency usually called "Medical Board", although there are alternative names like "Medical Council," "Medical Board of Examiners", "Medical License Board", "Art Healing Board" or some other variation. After graduating from the first professional school, doctors who want to practice in the US usually take standardized exams, such as USMLE for MDs).
Specialist in internal medicine
Most countries have several methods that formally recognize specialist qualifications in all branches of medicine, including internal medicine. Sometimes, it aims to promote public safety by limiting the use of harmful treatments. Other reasons for setting up a specialist may include standardization of recognition for hospital work and restrictions where practitioners are entitled to receive higher insurance payments for specialist services.
Performance supervision and professionalism
Problems of medical errors, drug abuse, and other problems in professional behavior of physicians received significant attention worldwide, especially after the critical report of 2000 that "definitely launched" the patient's safety movement. In the US, in 2006 there were several organizations that monitored performance systematically. In the US only a random test of the Department of Veterans Affairs, in contrast to the practice of drug testing for other professions that have a major impact on public welfare. US licensing boards rely on continuing education to maintain competence. Through the use of the National Practitioner Data Bank, the Federation of Discipline Reports of the State Board of Medicine, and Services of the American Medical Association Doctors Profile, 67 the State Medical Council (MD/DO) is continuously reporting on its own Adverse/Disciplinary Actions taken against licensed Doctors Another Medical Council in which Doctors hold or apply for a medical license will be notified correctly so that corrective action, reciprocity can be taken against the offending physician. In Europe, in 2009 the health system is regulated according to various national laws, and may also vary according to regional differences similar to the United States.
Jobs and related work divisions
Chiropractors
Chiropractors use doctor's degrees in some countries. In the United States, practitioners with Chiropractic Doctors (DCs) have been added to the list of doctors recognized by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Organization. This change does not affect or change the license or scope of the practice of any health care practitioner. Some medical organizations have criticized the addition of chiropractic to the definition of a doctor.
In Switzerland, students since 2008 have the option of studying at the University of Zurich medical school who earned a Bachelor of Medicine (with a focus on chiropractic) and a Master of Chiropractic Medicine. By attending medical school, they become "doctors" in a more traditional sense. Chiropractic experts from Switzerland have been found to treat the condition in a manner similar to their international counterparts while enjoying more referrals of medical specialists.
Nurse Practitioner
Nurse practitioners (NPs) in the United States are advanced practice nurses who have a postgraduate degree such as Nursing Practice Doctor. In Canada, nursing practitioners usually have a Masters degree in nursing as well as substantial experience that they have accumulated over the years. Nurse practitioners are not doctors but can train with doctors in various fields. Nurse practitioners are educated in nursing theory and nursing practice. The scope of practice for a nursing practitioner in the United States is defined by the nursing supervisory board, as opposed to the medical council that governs the physician.
See also
- Doctor-patient relationship
- Doctor and surgeon work
- International medical graduates
- List of medical schools
- Doctors list
- Medika
- Scientist-medical
References
External links
- Media related to Doctors on Wikimedia Commons
- Document dictionary definition in Wiktionary
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments