In vertebrates, thoracic vertebrae write the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebra and the lumbar vertebra. In humans, there are twelve thoracic vertebrae and they are in size between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae; they enlarge the size toward the lumbar spine, with the lower being larger than the top. They are distinguished by the sides on the side of the body for articulation with the ribs, as well as aspects of all transverse processes, except for the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with tubercle ribs. By convention, the human thoracic vertebra is numbered T1-T12, with the first (T1) located closest to the skull and the other down to the spine toward the lumbar region.
Video Thoracic vertebrae
Karakteristik umum
This is a common characteristic of the second to the eighth thoracic vertebrae. The first and ninth vertebrae through the twelve contain particular characteristics, and are detailed below.
The bodies in the middle of the thoracic region are heart-shaped, and broad in the antero-posterior as in the transverse direction. At the ends of the thoracic region, they resemble the neck and lumbar bones. They are slightly thicker in the back than in front, flat on top and bottom, convex from side to side in front, deep in the back, and narrow laterally and in the front. They are present, on both sides, two sides by-charge, one above, near the root of the stalk, the other below, in front of the inferior vertebral notch; these are covered with cartilage in a fresh state, and, when the spine is articulated with each other, form, with intervertebral fibrocartilages interven, the oval surface for the reception of the rib head.
The pedicle is directed backward and slightly upwards, and a large inferior vertebral notch, and deeper than in other areas of the vertebral column.
The coats are wide, thick, and polluted - that is, they overlap with vertebrae that lie below like roof tiles and connect with pedicles to surround and protect the spinal cord.
Foramen intervertebralis small, and circular, with two in each intervertebral level, one for right and one for root left nerve root.
The foramen vertebra is a large opening posterior to the vertebral body which is also known as the spinal canal . It contains and protects the spinal cord at the thorax level.
The long spinous process, the triangle in the coronal section, is directed downward sloping, arising from the lamina and ending in the tuberculosis extremity. This process overlaps from the fifth to the eighth, but is less tilted towards the top and bottom.
The superior articular process is the thin plates of bone leading upwards of the pedicle and lamina junctions; Their articular facets are practically flat, and are directed backwards and slightly to the side and up.
Inferior articular processes merge with the laminae, and the project but slightly beyond its lower limit; their aspect is directed forward and slightly downward and medialward.
The transverse process arises from the curvature behind the superior articular process and the pedicle; they are thick, strong, and long enough, directed backwards and laterally tilted, and each ends in the beaten limb, on the front which is a small, sunken surface, for articulation with the rib tubekulum.
Maps Thoracic vertebrae
The individual thoracic vertebrae
The first thoracic vertebrae (T1)
The first thoracic vertebrae have, on both sides the body , the entire articular side for the head of the first rib, and the semicircle for the top of the second rib head.
The body is like the bones of the cervical vertebrae, wide, concave, and lips on both sides.
The superior articular surface is directed up and back; Rotating process is thick, long, and almost horizontal.
The long transverse process, and vertebral vertex top above the other than the other vertebral vertebrae.
The thoracic spinal nerve 1 (T1) comes out below it.
Second Second thoracic vertebrae (T2)
The thoracic spinal nerve 2 (T2) comes out below it. The second thoracic vertebra is larger than the first thoracic vertebra
Third thoracic vertebrae (T3)
Saraf spinal toraks 3 (T3) keluar di bawahnya.
Vertebra toraks keempat (T4)
The fourth thoracic vertebra, along with the fifth, at the same level as the sternum angle.
The thoracic spinal nerve 4 (T4) comes out below it.
The fifth thoracic vertebrae (T5)
The fifth thoracic thoracic, together with the fourth, is at the same level as the sternal angle. The human trachea is divided into two main bronchi at the thoracic vertebra level of 5th, but may also be higher or lower, depending on breathing.
The thoracic spinal nerve 5 (T5) comes under it.
The sixth thoracic vertebrae (T6)
The thoracic spinal nerve 6 (T6) comes under it.
The seventh thoracic vertebrae (T7)
The thoracic spinal nerves 7 (T7) come out underneath.
The eighth thoracic vertebrae (T8)
Eighth torque vertebrae, along with the ninth torque vertebrae, at the same level as the xiphisternum.
The thoracic spinal nerve 8 (T8) comes out underneath.
The ninth thoracic vertebrae (T9)
The ninth thoracic vertebrae may not have the slightest features below. But in some subjects, it has two sides on either side; when this happens the tenth has no aspects but the sake-facets at the top.
The thoracic spinal nerves 9 (T9) come out underneath.
The xiphisternum process (or the xiphoid process of the sternum) is at the same level in the axial plane.
The tenth thoracic vertebrae (T10)
The tenth thoracic vertebrae has all the articular (not for-face) sides on either side, which are partially placed on the lateral surface of the pedicle. It does not have any aspect below, because the following ribs have only one side on their head.
The thoracic spinal nerves 10 (T10) come out underneath.
Thoracic Vertebra of the 11th (T11)
In the eleventh torachalis vertebrae, the body approach in its shape and size in the lumbar vertebra.
The articular facets for the rib head are large, and are placed mainly in the pedicles, which are thicker and stronger in this vertebra and later than in other parts of the thoracic region.
The rotating process is short, and is almost horizontally in the direction.
The transversal process is very short, in tuberculosis to the extremities, and has no articular aspect.
The spinal thoracic nerves 11 (T11) come out underneath.
Second thoracic vertebrae (T12)
The twelfth thoracic vertebra has the same general characteristics as the eleventh one, but can be distinguished from it by the convex inferior and laterally inferior articular surfaces, as in the lumbar vertebrae; by the general form of the body, laminae, and spinous processes, in which it resembles the lumbar spine; and by each transverse process divided into three elevations, superior, inferior, and lateral tubercles: superior and inferior correspondents with mammillary processes and accessories of the lumbar vertebra. Similar elevation traces were found on the transverse processes of the tenth and eleventh piston vertebrae.
The thoracic spinal nerves 12 (T12) come out underneath.
Other animals
In other animals, the number of thoracic vertebrae can vary greatly; for example, most marsupials have 13, but koalas only have 11.15-15 are common among mammals, with 18 to 20 horses, tapirs, rhinoceros, and elephants, and the extremes in mammals are characterized by certain sloths with 25 and cetaceans with 9.
Additional images
See also
- Costovertebral articulations
- Vertebral column
- Cervical vertebrae
- Lumbar vertebra
References
This article combines text in the public domain of page 102 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
External links
- An interactive tool to identify sections
- thoraxbones at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)
- Photos at the University of Utah
- SpineUniverse anatomical diagram
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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