An enema is a liquid injection into the lower bowel through the rectum. The most frequent use of enemas is to reduce constipation or colon cleansing prior to any medical examinations or procedures. In the treatment of enema standards it can also be used as a lower gastrointestinal series (also called barium enema), to check diarrhea, as a vehicle for food administration, water or medicine, as a stimulant for the general system, as local medicine. application and, less often, as a means of reducing temperature, as a treatment for encopresis, and as a form of rehydration therapy (proctoclysis) in patients for whom intravenous therapy is not applicable.
Enema is used as part of several alternative health therapies, as part of sexual activity, and to administer medicines for recreational or religious reasons.
Video Enema
Medical use
The major medical uses of enemas are:
Colon cleansing
Chronic treatment
Transanal irrigation
TAI , also called retrograde irrigation , is designed to help evacuate impurities from the intestines by entering water into the rectum and colon through the anus as a treatment for people with the colon. dysfunction, including faecal incontinence or constipation, especially stunted bowel movements. Its effectiveness varies greatly, some individuals experience complete incontinence control but others report little or no benefit.
The term Bowel management
Patients with bowel defects, medical conditions that interfere with their bowel control, for example, faecal incontinence or constipation. can use intestinal management techniques to select predictable time and place for evacuation. Without intestinal management, such people may suffer from feeling they are not getting help, or they may contaminate themselves.
Simple techniques may include a controlled diet and form a toilet routine.
Daily enemas can be taken to empty the colon, thus preventing unwanted and uncontrollable bowel movements that day. By regularly emptying the intestines using transanal irrigation, designed to help evacuate faeces from the intestines by entering water into the intestine through the anus, the controlled bowel function is often reshaped to a high level, allowing consistent intestinal development. routine. An international consensus on when and how to use transanal irrigation for people with intestinal problems is published in 2013. This article offers clear, comprehensive and simple guiding practitioners to practice for therapeutic areas emerging from transanal irrigation.
Acute care
Enemas are used as intestinal stimulants, for the same purpose as oral laxatives: To relieve constipation; To treat faecal impaction; To empty the colon before medical procedures such as colonoscopy.
Liquid volume causes rapid expansion of the intestinal tract, often resulting in very uncomfortable bloating, cramps, strong peristaltic movement and extreme sense of urgency.
After the injection is complete, the enema is maintained until there is a strong urge to defecate, at which point the receiver can repel any impurities that are diluted by the solution implanted along with the solution.
Bowel stimulation enemas usually consist of water, which works primarily as a mechanical stimulant, or they may consist of water with baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) or water with light hand soap dissolved in it. The cured sodium phosphate solution draws additional water from the bloodstream to the large intestine to increase the effectiveness of the enema, but may irritate the bowel, causing intense cramps or "complaints". Mineral oil serves as a lubricant and softener softener, but often has sporadic seepage side effects from the patient's anus that can clog the underwear for up to 24 hours. Glycerol is a special intestinal mucosal irritation and when introduced in a dilute solution serves to induce peristalsis. Also used is the same portion of milk and molasses heated together to slightly above normal body temperature. In the past, castile soap is a common additive in enemas, but is largely unused due to its irritating action in the rectum and because the risk of chemical colitis as well as the availability of other available enema preparations is more effective than soap in stimulating bowel movements. At the opposite end of the spectrum, isotonic salt solutions at least irritate the rectum and colon, having a neutral concentration gradient. It does not attract electrolytes from the body - as can happen with ordinary water - or draw water into the colon, as will happen with phosphate. Thus, a brine solution may be used when longer periods of retention are desired, such as to soften an impaction.
In the US and other parts of the world, its use has been replaced in most professional health care settings by oral laxatives and laxative suppositories. The use of home enemas for constipation is rather difficult to measure.
Contrast (X-ray)
In the lower gastrointestinal series, enemas that may contain barium sulphate powder or water-soluble contrast agents are used in intestinal radiological imaging. Named as barium enema , such enemas are sometimes the only practical way to see the colon in a relatively safe way. After administration of barium enema, patients often find that watering the rest of the barium with extra water, baking soda, or saline enema helps restore normal colonic activity without the complication of constipation from barium sulfate administration.
Drug administration
Administration of substances into the bloodstream. This can be done in situations where it is undesirable or impossible to administer oral drugs, such as antiemetics given to reduce nausea (although not much antiemetic is conveyed by the enema). In addition, some anti-angiogenic agents, which work better without digestion, can be safely administered through a gentle enema.
Topical drug administration into the rectum, such as corticosteroids and mesalazines used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Administration with enema avoids having the drug pass through the entire gastrointestinal tract, thus simplifying the delivery of the drug to the affected area and limiting the amount absorbed into the bloodstream.
Rectal corticosteroid enema is sometimes used to treat mild or moderate ulcerative colitis. They may also be used in conjunction with systemic corticosteroids (oral or injectable) or other drugs to treat serious or mild to moderate illnesses that have spread too far to be effectively treated by drugs inserted into the rectum alone.
More
- There are several cases in remote or rural areas, where rectal fluid has been used for rehydration of a person. Benefits include no need to use sterile fluids.
- Enema has been used around the time of delivery but there is no evidence for this exercise and is now not recommended.
Maps Enema
Adverse effects
Incorrect enema may cause electrolyte imbalance (with recurrent enema) or rupture to the intestinal or rectal tissue causing internal bleeding. However, these events are rare in healthy and conscious adults. Internal bleeding or rupture can cause the individual to get infected from intestinal bacteria. The blood produced from tears in the colon may not always be visible, but it can be distinguished if the stool is very dark or has a red color. If suspected bowel is suspected, medical assistance should be obtained immediately.
The enema tube and its solution can stimulate the vagus nerve, which can trigger arrhythmias such as bradycardia. Enema should not be used if there is undiagnosed abdominal pain because bowel peristalsis can cause the inflamed appendix to rupture.
There are good arguments for and against colon irrigation in people with diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, hemorrhoids or a severe or internal tumor in the rectum or colon, and its use is not recommended immediately after bowel surgery (unless directed by a person's health care provider). Regular care should be avoided by people with heart disease or kidney failure. Colonies are not suitable for people with intestinal, rectal or anal pathology in which pathology contributes to the risk of bowel perforation.
Recent research has shown that ozone water, which is sometimes used in enemas, may soon cause microscopic colitis.
A recent series of cases of 11 patients with five deaths described the dangers of enema phosphate in high-risk patients.
History
Enema comes from the Greek ????? ( ÃÆ'Â © nema ), from ?????? ( enÃÆ'? mi ), "(me) inject".
Clyster (/'kl? st? (r)/), also spelled glister in the 17th century, rarely "cloister" or "clister" ?? ???? ( klyst? r ), from ????? ( klÃÆ'½zo ), "(I) wash". This is an archaic word for enema, more specifically for enema given using syringe clyster - that is, spuit with rectal nozzle and plunger rather than light bulb. The Clyster syringe was used from the 17th century (or before) to the 19th century, when most were replaced with injections of enema bulbs, bocks, and bags.
The first mention of enema in the medical literature is in Egyptian Ebers' Ancient Papyrus ( c. 1550 SM). One of the many types of medical specialists is Iri, Anus's Shepherd. Many drugs are given by enemas. There is a Royal Rectory Keeper who may be primarily a Pharaonic enema maker. The god Thoth, according to Egyptian mythology, discovered an enema.
Olmecs from their mid-prehistoric period (10 to 7 century BC) through the Spanish Conquest using substances that induce a ceremonial trance, and are digested through, among other routes, enemas given using jars.
The Maya in their final classical age (7th to 10th century AD) use enemas for, at least, ritual purposes, in God's devoted Xibalban God D court including ritual worship rituals. This is the hypothesis that this enema is for ritual purification and consumption of liquor and hallucinogens. Maya illustrates the use of a characteristic bone enema syringe by female officers who administer clysters ritually.
In the second century AD, the Greek philosopher Celsus recommended the enema of pearl barley in milk or rose oil with butter as a nutrient for those who suffered from dysentery and could not eat and Galen mentioned the enema in some contexts.
In the middle ages the first illustration of enema equipment, a syringe containing tubes attached to a pump ball action made of a pig's bladder and the 15th century Simple piston syringe clyster began to be used. Beginning in the 17th century the apperatus enema is primarily designed for self-administration at home and many French as enemas enjoy widespread use in France.
When a clyster syringe is used in Europe, the patient is placed in the right position (kneeling, with the butt raised, or lying on your side); a waiter or pharmacist will insert the nozzle into the anus and press down on the plunger, producing a drug fluid (generally, water, but also some other preparation) injected into the colon.
Because of the embarrassment a woman feels when exposing her butt (and possibly her genitals, depending on her position) to a male apothecary, some of the tools she creates are blocking everything from the pharmacist's view except for the anal area. Another invention is a syringe equipped with a special curved nozzle, which allows self-giving, thus eliminating shyness.
Clysters are given for constipation symptoms and, with more questionable effectiveness, abdominal pain and other diseases. In his early modern treatise, Women's Illness with Children, FranÃÆ'§ois Mauriceau noted that both midwives and midwives were generally given clysters to mothers who worked just before their birth.
In the 16th century, satirists targeted favorite doctors, resembling caricatures of MoliÃÆ'¨re whose recipe for anything was "clyster, bleed, purge," or "purge, bleed, clyster." In Roper's biography of his father-in-law, Sir Thomas More, he tells of the eldest son of Thomas More who fell ill with sweating illness. He can not be woken up by a doctor. After praying, it came to Thomas More:
Immediately it occurred to her that the clyster would be the only way to help her, which when she told the doctors, they immediately confessed that if there was any hope of health, it would be the best, most wonderful aid among them. themselves that they did not previously remember it.
- Utopia , Thomas More
In the 18th century tobacco smoke enema is used to awaken the drowned. The tobacco resuscitation tool consisting of a pair of bellows and tubes is provided by the Royal Humane Society of London and placed at various points along the Thames River.
Clyster was the favorite medical treatment in the bourgeoisie and nobility from the Western world until the 19th century. Because medical knowledge is quite limited at the time, laxative clysters are used for a wide variety of diseases, most of all being abdominal pain and constipation.
MoliÃÆ'¨re, in several plays, introduces the character of incompetent physicians and pharmacists like this prescription, also discussed by Argan, the hypochondriac patient of Le Malade Imaginaire . More commonly, clyster was the theme in the burlesque comedy of the time.
According to Claude de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon, the clyster was very popular in the palace of King Louis XIV of France that the duchess of Burgundy had his servant give him a clyster in front of the King before going to comedy. However, he also mentions the astonishment of King and Mme de Maintenon that he must bring it before them.
In the 19th century many new types of enema administration equipment were designed, including enema bulb. Then there is a tool for allowing gravity to insert the solution to the receiver, which consists of a rubber bag or a bucket connected to a hose with a nozzle on the other end to insert into the patient's anus, bag or bucket held or hanging over the patient. It continues to be used, although the rubber has been replaced by modern materials and bags, at least used in hospitals, as disposable.
At the end of the 20th century, microenema was discovered, this is a disposable bottle of disposable juice with contents that causes the body to draw water into the colon, for example, sodium bisphosphate (popular in the United States) or glycerin (popular in Japan).
Nutritional enemas are given for the purpose of providing nutrition when a normal meal is not possible. Although this treatment is ancient, at least derived from Galen, and commonly used in the Middle Ages, and still a common technique in the treatment of the 19th century, Nutrient enema has been replaced in modern medical treatments by intravenous feeding and intravenous feeding.
Society and culture
Alternative medicine
The term "colon irrigation" is commonly used in gastroenterology to refer to the practice of introducing water through colostomy or surgical channels built as a treatment for constipation. The Food and Drug Administration has decided that the colon irrigation equipment is not approved for sale for general welfare purposes and has taken action against many of these equipment distributors, including Warning Letters. The use of enemas for reasons other than constipation assistance is currently regulated in some parts of the United States while practitioners in other states can go through a voluntary certification process.
Colon cleansing
The same term is also used in alternative medicine where it may involve the use of a substance mixed with water to detoxify the body. Practitioners believe the accumulation of dirt in the colon leads to poor health. This evoked the old medical concept of "autointoxication" which was an orthodox doctrine until the end of the 19th century but has now been discredited.
Coffee Enema
Although well documented, the procedure of inserting coffee through the anus to clean the rectum and colon is considered by most medical authorities to be unproven, rash and potentially dangerous. Coffee enemas can cause many side effects, including infections, sepsis (including campylobacter sepsis), severe electrolyte imbalance, colitis, polymicrobial enteric septicemia, proctocolitis, salmonella, cerebral abscess, and heart failure, and deaths associated with coffee enema have been documented.
In Gerson therapy, coffee enema is given.
Some advocates of alternative medicine have claimed that coffee enema has an anti-cancer effect with "detoxification" of tumor metabolism products but there is no medical scientific evidence to support this.
Enema Kellogg
At the end of the 19th century. John Harvey Kellogg ensures that each patient's bowel is smeared with water, from the top and bottom. His favorite tool is an enema machine ("as I see in Germany") that can drain as much as fifteen gallons of water through an uncomfortable gut in seconds. Each water enema was followed by half a liter of yogurt - half eaten, the other half was given with an enema "to grow the protective germs where they are most needed and can provide the most effective services." Yogurt is served to replace intestinal "intestinal flora", creating what Kellogg claims as a squeaky, clean cock.
Use of recreation
Pleasure
The enjoyment, and sexual arousal of, the enema is known as klismaphilia, which is medically classified as paraphilia. A person with klismaphilia is klismaphile .
Both women and men can find a satisfying or sensual enema. In addition, in men the enema can stimulate the prostate gland and so on, even when the recipient perceives the enema as unpleasant, as can occur in medical settings, an unexpected erection is common.
Klismafile can gain enema satisfaction through fantasy, by actually receiving or giving one, or through the process of eliminating the steps to be managed one (eg, under the pretext of being constipated).
Sexual
Enema can be a tool for genital sexual activity, possibly as a regular sexual activity for one or both partners. Sexual enema games are performed both heterosexually and homosexual.
Enema can even be a substitute for genital sexual activity. That some women use enemas during masturbation is documented by Kinsey, A. in "Sexual Behavior in Human Women":
There are still other masturbation techniques that are regularly or sometimes used by about 11 percent of females in the sample... enemas, and other inserts,... are used.
Enema can also be included in sadomasochistic activities for erotic humiliation or physical discomfort.
Enema can be used before performing anal sexual activities such as anal sex, anilingus, and grouping for several reasons: To increase the sensation of sexual intercourse; to remove impurities before sex, may reduce bacterial transmission and infection risk; or to reduce the possibility of fecal matter or detritus from sexual activity attached to the genitals or sex toys used during subsequent activities.
Intoxication
Enema has also been used for ritual rectal drug administration such as balchÃÆ'Â ©, alcohol, tobacco, peyote, and other hallucinogenic drugs and entheogens, especially by Maya and also some other American Indian tribes. Some tribes continue to practice in the present.
Noting that deaths have been reported from alcohol poisoning through enemas, alcohol enemas can be used to infuse alcohol rapidly into the bloodstream, which is absorbed through the bowel membrane. However, attention should be taken to the amount of alcohol used. Little is needed because the intestines absorb alcohol much faster than the stomach.
Before an enema for drug or alcohol administration, a cleansing enema can first be used to cleanse the colon to help increase the rate of absorption.
Use of punishment
Enema has also been applied forcefully as a punishment tool. In the highly influential Latin American text Facundo, or Civilization and Barbarism, for example, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento explains the use of pepper and turmeric enema by police forces as a way of diminishing political dissent in Argentina after independence..
The report of the Senate Intelligence Committee on CIA torture documents examples of enemas used by the Central Intelligence Agency to ensure "complete control" of detainees.
Monument
A 365 kilogram (805-pound) skeleton enema copper sculpture held high by three angels stood in front of the Mashuk spa in Zheleznovodsk settlement in Russia. This is the only monument known for enemas.
See also
- Coffee enema
References
Catatan
- Cullingworth, Charles James (1883). Manual Perawatan, Medis, dan Bedah. Cambridge, Inggris: Cambridge University Press (diterbitkan 2009). ISBN: 978-1-4590-1939-3.
- Magner, Lois (1992). Sejarah Kedokteran . Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN: 978-0-8247-8673-1. Â
- Parsons, Lee Allen; Carlson, John B. (1988). Wajah Kuno Amerika: The Wally dan Brenda Zollman Koleksi Seni Precolumbian . Indianapolis, Indiana, Amerika Serikat: Indianapolis Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-936260-24-2.
Tautan eksternal
"Professional nursing learning video showing cleansing enema". Taber Medical Dictionary . K. A. Davis Company . Retrieved July 17 2014 .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments